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The Mechanic.com, Nawabshah (2026)

23/04/2022

ENGINE IMMOBILIZER.
The engine immobilizer is a state-of-the-art anti-theft system. When you insert your key into the ignition switch or bring a Smart Key fob into the vehicle, the key transmits an electronic code to the vehicle. The engine will only start if the code in the transponder chip inside the key or Smart Key fob matches the code in the vehicle's immobilizer. Because the transponder chip is embedded in the key or Smart Key fob, it can be costly to replace. If you lose a key or Smart Key fob, your Toyota dealership can help.

How Does a Car Immobilizer Work?

The inside of the key fob contains a transponder chip. When you put the key into the ignition or have the key fob inside the vehicle (for keyless fobs), the transponder chip inside the key fob sends a security code to the car’s immobilizer system.

If this security code matches the code in the immobilizer system, the car will be allowed to start. If the key is not legitimate or there is no key fob or transponder present, the car will not start.
This security code is random each time you start the vehicle and your key is the only source that can generate the correct token for the vehicle.
The good news is that this this electronic immobilization system works very well in preventing car theft and getting your key stuck in the ignition is a thing of the past.

The bad news is that if you lose your key fob or the transponder chip is damaged or goes bad, you’ll need to get a new key from the auto dealership which can be very costly.

Top 5 Symptoms of an Engine Immobilizer System Malfunction

Like anything else that is electronic, an immobilizer system can malfunction and case some problems for you. Here are the 5 most common signs that you can expect to experience if there’s a problem somewhere in your car’s immobilizer system.

#1 – Unlocking Problems
When you use your key to attempt to unlock the doors of your vehicle remotely, the doors don’t unlock. Unfortunately, many modern-day vehicles don’t have keyholes on the outside of the doors, so you cannot open them manually with your key.

This means if you lock the doors from the inside and then close the doors, you won’t be able to get back into your car because your key won’t be able to unlock the doors. At this point, you’d have to call a locksmith to unlock the door.

#2 – Locking Problems
Similar to the last symptom, you probably won’t be able to lock your doors with your smart key if you cannot unlock them either.
Without a working smart key or key fob, the only way you can lock your doors is if you lock them from the inside as the doors are open and then you close the doors. The problem with this is that you risk the chance of leaving your car keys in the vehicle with no way to get them out.

#3 – Engine Does Not Start
A common symptom of a problem with your engine immobilizer is that your vehicle does not start at all. If it weren’t for the problems with the locking mechanisms, there could be a wide variety of reasons why your engine does not start.
But if you experience those problems and have an engine that doesn’t make an attempt to start, then you clearly have a problem with either your immobilizer or the smart key itself.

#4 – Key in Ignition Does Not Turn
If your key fob has a physical key that you must insert into the ignition and turn and it doesn’t budge, you may have a problem with the transponder chip inside the key fob base. For some reason it’s not sending the security code to the car immobilizer.
This is often due to water damage (water + electronics don’t mix) or actual breakage of of the chip due to the fob falling or being crushed.
Before ordering a replacement key, make sure you’re using the correct key fob for the car. Just because your spouse drives the same make of car doesn’t mean her key fob will work in yours.

#5 – Car Alarm Problems
Since the immobilizer is the main security feature of your vehicle, that means your factory car alarm system won’t work if the immobilizer is faulty.

How to Fix

Many immobilizer problems can be fixed simply by simply replacing the battery in the key fob. Many transponder keys depend on a small battery to relay the security code to the car immobilizer. Be careful replacing the battery so you don’t accidentally damage the transponder chip inside.

If you’ve replaced the battery and it still doesn’t work, you may have some type of damage to the transponder chip. In this case, you will have to contact your local car dealership and request a new key.
They are not cheap to replace so be prepared to shell out a hundred or even a few hundred dollars for a new key. Usually, the more expensive the vehicle, the more a replacement key fob will cost.
If the actual immobilizer system in the vehicle is to blame, then it could be due to the wires being corroded or damaged. Perhaps the engine control unit or its sensors are malfunctioning or faulty.

These situations would require you to go to a car dealership or auto repair shop that specializes in electronics for further troubleshooting.

04/12/2020

𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐀𝐏 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐫
The Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor is a key sensor because it senses engine load. The sensor generates a signal that is proportional to the amount of vacuum in the intake manifold. The engine computer then uses this information to adjust ignition timing and fuel enrichment.
When the engine is working hard, intake vacuum drops as the throttle opens wide. The engine sucks in more air, which requires more fuel to keep the air/fuel ratio in balance. In fact, when the computer reads a heavy load signal from the MAP sensor, it usually makes the fuel mixture go slightly richer than normal so the engine can produce more power. At the same time, the computer will re**rd (back off) ignition timing slightly to prevent detonation (spark knock) that can damage the engine and hurt performance.
𝐇𝐎𝐖 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐏 𝐒𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐊𝐒.
MAP sensors are called manifold absolute pressure sensors rather than intake vacuum sensors because they measure the pressure (or lack thereof) inside the intake manifold. When the engine is not running, the pressure inside the intake manifold is the same as the outside barometric pressure. When the engine starts, vacuum is created inside the manifold by the pumping action of the pistons and the restriction created by the throttle plates. At full open throttle with the engine running, intake vacuum drops to almost zero and pressure inside the intake manifold once again nearly equals the outside barometric pressure.
When the ignition key is first turned on, the powertrain control module (PCM) looks at the MAP sensor reading before the engine starts to determine the atmospheric (barometric) pressure. So in effect, the MAP sensor can serve double duty as a BARO sensor. The PCM then uses this information to adjust the air/fuel mixture to compensate for changes in air pressure due to elevation and/or weather. Some vehicles use a separate "baro" sensor for this purpose, while others use a combination sensor that measures both called a BMAP sensor.
𝐌𝐀𝐏 𝐒𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑 𝐃𝐑𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐓𝐎𝐌𝐒.
Anything that interferes with the MAP sensor's ability to monitor the pressure differential may upset the fuel mixture and ignition timing. This includes a problem with the MAP sensor itself, grounds or opens in the sensor wiring circuit, and/or vacuum leaks in the intake manifold (airflow sensor systems) or hose that connects the sensor to the engine.
Typical driveability symptoms that may be MAP related include:
* Surging.
* Rough idle.
* A rich fuel condition, which may cause spark plug fouling.
* Detonation due to too much spark advance and a lean fuel ratio.
Loss of power and/or fuel economy due to re**rded timing and an excessively rich fuel ratio.
A vacuum leak will reduce intake vacuum and cause the MAP sensor to indicate a higher than normal load on the engine. The computer will try to compensate by richening the fuel mixture and re**rding timing -- which hurts fuel economy, performance and emissions.
𝐌𝐀𝐏 𝐒𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑 𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐊𝐒.First, make sure engine manifold vacuum is within specifications at idle. If vacuum is unusually low due to a vacuum leak, re**rded ignition timing, an exhaust restriction (clogged converter), or an EGR leak (EGR valve not closing at idle). Check the sensor's vacuum hose for kinks or leaks. Then use a hand-held vacuum pump to check the sensor itself for leaks. The sensor should hold vacuum. Any leakage calls for replacement.
An outright failure of the MAP sensor, loss of the sensor signal due to a wiring problem, or a sensor signal that is outside the normal voltage or frequency range will usually set a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) and turn on the Check Engine light.
On 1995 and newer vehicles with OBD II self-diagnostics, a DTC code P0105 to P0109 would indicate a fault in the MAP sensor circuit.
P0105....Manifold Absolute Pressure/Barometric Pressure Circuit
P0106....Manifold Absolute Pressure/Baro Pressure out of range
P0107....Manifold Absolute Pressure/Baro Pressure Low Input
P0108....Manifold Absolute Pressure/Baro Pressure High Input
P0109....Manifold Absolute Pressure/Baro Pressure Circuit Intermittent.
𝐌𝐀𝐏 𝐒𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑 𝐑𝐄𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐂𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓.
If a MAP sensor needs to be replaced, make sure the replacement is the correct one for the application. Differences in calibration between model years and engines will affect the operation of the engine management system.
If a vehicle is more than five years old, the vacuum hose that connects the MAP sensor to the engine should also be replaced.

16/11/2020

𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐬.
Computers can only do what they are programmed to do. If they get garbage in, they put garbage out. In an automotive engine control computer (called a Powertrain Control Module or PCM), the input data is not from a keyboard but electronic signals from various sensors. They act the like the engines eyes and ears helping it make the most of its driving conditions. Consequently, the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) can't do this if the inputs it receives are faulty or missing.
The engine control system will not go into "closed loop," if the PCM does not receive a good signal from the coolant sensor or oxygen sensor. Nor can it balance the fuel mixture correctly if it does not receive good inputs from the throttle position sensor, MAP sensor or airflow sensor. The engine may not even start if the PCM does not get a signal from the crankshaft position sensor.
Sensors monitor all the key functions necessary to manage ignition timing, fuel delivery, emission controls, transmission shifting, cruise control, engine torque reduction (if the vehicle has antilock brakes with traction control) and charging output of the alternator. On most late model vehicles the PCM also controls the throttle. There is no mechanical linkage or cable between the gas pedal and throttle. Reliable sensor inputs are an absolute must if the whole system is to operate smoothly.

14/11/2020

A typical layout and chemistry of a modern engine.

18/06/2020

Easiest Way to Test A Car Battery.

Its health affects whether your vehicle can run smoothly or at all.How to know when your car battery is bad
One of the most obvious signs is the warning battery light1. illuminated on the dashboard.

Headlights are dim. When the battery is weak, it does not have enough power to run your car’s electrical components.

You hear a click, or nothing at all, when turning the engine.

Engine cranks slowly when starting.

You need to press on the gas pedal to start.

No-starting: The car just refuses to start

set your multimeter to 20 DC voltage, which will let you accurately measure a battery that stores between 0 and 20 volts. Do this by turning the k**b to 20 on the “DCV” (Direct Current Voltage) range. Sometimes this is denoted by the letter “V” with a solid line above a dash line on its right.

Touch the red (positive, marked “+”) meter probe with the red (positive) battery terminal. Touch the black (negative, marked “-”) meter probe with the black (negative) battery terminal.

.

When fully charged, batteries should have 12.6 volts or above. Note that when a battery goes down to 12.2 it is only half charged.A reading below 12 indicates the battery is garbage and needs to be replaced. (check out if there is any loose wire connection from alternater to battery and battery cable are fixed well)

Have an assistant crank the engine and read the multimeter again. This time if the revised voltage dips below 5 when the car is running, it should be tossed and replaced right away. If the reading is lower than 10, it is a sign that the battery is not in a good enough condition to turn the motor starter.
Other possible problems with your battery

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Here’s how to test the alternator with a multimeter. Leave the engine running and perform the same battery test as above with the multimeter. A healthy alternator should produce between 13.8V and 14.4V at regular idle speed. A reading outside this range means your car’s either undercharged or overcharged, both unhealthy for the battery and your vehicle.

20/03/2020

𝟗 𝐓𝐘𝐏𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐘𝐂𝐋𝐄 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐏𝐎𝐏𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃

Motorbikes are a vehicle that is probably too familiar to us, but not everyone knows what kind of engine their car is using, so let's take a look at Mechanical Funny to learn a bit about motorbike today.

Currently there are about 9 types of internal combustion engine used for motorbikes, which are classified according to cylinder arrangement criteria on engines.

𝟭.) 𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 - 𝐂𝐘𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑

- Single cylinder engine is the first engine of the internal combustion engine. This type of engine appears on: motorcycles, scooters, 3-wheelers, dirt bikes, self-driving cars, scooters, especially on Honda CBR250R. Single-cylinder engines are also used on agricultural implements, garden machines and tractors

- Whether it is a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine, the single cylinder engine is also composed of 1 single cylinder and 1 single combustion chamber, responsible for carburetor and fuel combustion, generating power for the engine. work.

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Structure simple and compact.
- Low cost
- High torque at low rpm
- Easy to apply air cooling system.
- The most cost-saving among the 9 types of motorcycle engines, which helps to reduce vehicle weight and make the operation more efficient.

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- When working, the engine vibration is difficult to eliminate so it is often found on off-road vehicles and small-displacement ordinary cars.
- Requires greater flywheel and greater ability to maintain continuous energy.
- Changing the speed will be difficult and the car often shakes because there is only one resource, so it does not create a balance during operation.

CAR LINES USING Single Cylinder engines:

- Dirt-bike, scooter models

- Especially on Honda CBR150R CBR250R, Fz16, Fz150, KTM Duke etc.

𝟮.) 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐋-𝐓𝐖𝐈𝐍

2-cylinder in-line engines are also known as parallel 2-cylinder engines

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Simple, compact and sufficient moderate capacity, suitable for everyday travel.

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Vibration makes it difficult to suppress accuracy. Often used for cars of everyday use, traveling with long distances.

Commonly found on classic models of Honda NC750X, Triumph Bonneville Thruxton, Kawasaki Versys 650, Kawasaki Ninja 300, Yamaha R25, Yamaha R3.

𝟯.) 𝙑-𝙏𝙒𝙄𝙉

- This engine has a V-shape so it is called V-Twin.

- V-Twin engine features outstanding torque and power balance, suitable for low-focus cars and is the best choice for cruiser believers.
- According to MotoSaigon, the V-Twin engine on many Ducati like Monster 796, because the position of the front cylinder almost parallel to the ground forms an L-shape, so the term L-Twin.

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Balance between power and torque, suitable for vehicles with low center of gravity.

- Can create vibrations (especially in the narrower V-Twin engine configuration)

- Difficult to cool the cylinder behind

- Generates less power per displacement unit than a 3 or 4 cylinder engine

Often used for Cruisers. The Ducatti, Harley-Davidson and Moto Guzzi, Honda Shadow, KTM 1290 Superduke R. "De pa" models are faster than 4-series models, such as the Ducati Monster 796 pa stronger than the Cb1000, Z1000.

𝟰.) 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐓-𝐓𝐖𝐈𝐍 (𝐁𝐎𝐗𝐄𝐑)

Boxer engines (flat engines) are typical symbols of the models from BMW, Ural, Dnepr, etc. of the Soviet Union. The engine with the cylinders is placed horizontally (or flat) and the pistons lie symmetrically with the crankshaft.

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Can be easily placed in line with the gearbox and drive shaft
- Creating less vibration, a longer life span
- Reach a stable balance.
- Low center of gravity, large torque.
- Good cooling system

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Large motor width. Bulky size. It requires a different and complex chassis fabrication process

- The tilt angle is limited

- Production costs will also increase due to the need for 2 cylinder heads

USED CAR LINES:

- German luxury sports car manufacturer - Porsche and Japanese automaker - Subaru.

- Featured on BMW Adventure, BMW sidecar, Ural sidecar, Dnepr, BMW R 1200R .

𝟱.) 𝐈𝐍𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 - 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐄

This type of engine has the advantage of being well balanced with the crankshaft forming a 120 degree angle, overcoming the disadvantages of 2-cylinder and 4-cylinder engines.

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Good dynamic balance with 120-degree angular distribution axis for each cylinder. Overcoming disadvantages between V-twin engine and 4-cylinder

- Small engine, light vehicle weight, larger interior compartment, smooth and smooth running car suitable for urban, plain and narrow roads,

- Less fuel consumption, lower car purchase cost.

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Vehicles operating will be weaker, poor acceleration and no ramming because the vehicle is designed with small weight.

CAR LINES:

- Often used on Triumph Triple 675R, Benelli, Yamaha FZ9, Mv Agusta Brutale 800 etc.

𝟲.) 𝐈𝐍𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 – 𝐅𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐒

Inline-four-cylinder engines (I4 - Inline-four) are the type of engines often found on Japanese sports cars.

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Engine smooth and powerful operation, howling sound

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Larger size than the same-sized V-Four engine. Often used for sports cars with a capacity of 600 cc or more

CAR LINES:

- 4-cylinder engine in line often found on Japanese sports cars such as Honda CB750, Z1000, Cb1000, Yamaha R1, R6, Honda CBR1000 RR, CBR600 RR and so on.

𝟳.) 𝙑-𝙁𝙊𝙐𝙍𝙎

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Strong, smooth and durable operation.

- High performance

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- High production costs.

- Heavier and more complex than a 4-cylinder engine

CAR LINES:

- Usually applies to sport touring road models.

- A typical engine on Yamaha V-max, Honda VFR, Aprilia RSV4, Honda RC213V, Ducati Desmosedici models.

𝟴.) 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐓 - 𝐒𝐈𝐗

- Six cylinders are placed consecutively. Horizontal 6-cylinder engines are quite rare, but are still used on

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Durable and smooth.

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Heavy, complicated structure when manufacturing and repairing. Therefore, often equipped on high-end touring models.

CAR LINES:

- Models with large displacement motorcycles, especially Cruiser models.

- Honda Gold Wing

𝟵.) 𝐈𝐍𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 - 𝐒𝐈𝐗

𝑨𝑫𝑽𝑨𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺:

- Unique, smooth operation, reach high speed.

𝘿𝙄𝙎𝘼𝘿𝙑𝘼𝙉𝙏𝘼𝙂𝙀𝙎:

- Complicated and large in size.

CAR LINES:

- Suitable for high performance touring models, making long journeys.

- Honda CBX, RC166, BMW K1600. Despite the large size and complex structure

- Benelli Sei 750 and Benelli 900, Kawasaki Z1300

20/03/2020

DPF FILTER CLOGGING

On the diesel models that have a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) — — carbon clogging of the DPF can create excessive backpressure issues and may turn on the DPH warning light and cause the engine to go into a low-power “limp-in” mode.

Normally, the engine management system runs a “regeneration” cycle periodically to burn accumulated soot out of the DPF filter. But if the vehicle is seldom driven at 37 mph (60 km/h) or faster for at least 10 minutes, the regen cycle may not occur often enough, causing the DPF to clog with soot. If a clogged filter fails to respond to an “active” regen cycle, it must be replaced. VW now offers a less expensive rebuilt DPF/NOx catalyst as an alternative to a brand-new part.

Other causes of DPF filter clogging include using fuel that does not meet Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) standards, or using fuel that contains too much or poor-quality biodiesel.

04/01/2020

𝙺𝚗𝚘𝚠 𝚢𝚘𝚞𝚛 𝚖𝚎𝚊𝚜𝚞𝚛𝚎𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚜📊📐📏 ||

01/01/2020

Basic Tyre Knowledge

The sidewall provides valuable information about the tyre including the specifications, the brand, and the type of construction. All numbers are standardized and recognized by tyre manufacturers around the world.

Codes:
1. Section Width(mm)
2. Aspect Ratio(Section height as a percentage of the section width).
3. Rim Diameter(in)
4. Load Index
5. Speed Rating
Load Index and Speed Rating
Load index corresponds to the load capacity while speed rating is designated using letters from J to Z and represents the maximum speed of the tyre. These two factors are interdependent. Please refer to the tables below for the load index and speed rating.

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