22/07/2021
The basics of the key function.
When the car key is turned in the ignition, the engine control unit (ECU) on the car sends an electronic message to the key, and it will allow the car to start only provided it receives the correct message back. So, even for a simple car key without any buttons, the key must be cut correctly to turn the locks, and also programmed correctly to disarm the immobilizer. Car keys with chips can be programmed using special equipment.
Transponder.
A transponder is short for transmitter + responder.
The word came into use around 1944. In basic terms, a transponder is a miniaturized electronic chip that has what is called non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory is the type of memory that does not need constant energy for retention. Along with that electronic chip is a set of winding's; very fine wire coiled around a tube. These winding's look similar to the winding's you would find in an electric motor. There are two basic types of transponders. The first is the electrically coupled transponder systems. Electrically coupled transponder systems are not limited to small areas for transmission but can transmit messages or signals for different ranges of distance including several inches to miles, as used in satellites and aeroplanes. These systems require large amounts of constant electricity to operate.
The second type is what automobile manufacturers are using and they are called magnetically coupled transponder systems. Magnetically coupled transponder systems are passive in nature. This means they do not require constant electricity and thus do not need a power source of their own. They operate in the frequency range area of 125 kHz. Since magnetic coupled transponders do not have their own power source they are very limited in the range of communication and generally operate in the range of 1 cm to 15 cm. Since this is a radio frequency it can pe*****te materials that would make the transponder not directly visible, such as the plastic or rubber in the bow of a key.
The process of key identification is similar in most automotive transponder systems. Once a key is inserted into the ignition lock and turned to one of the ‘on’ or ‘run’ positions, the induction coil that is mounted around the ignition lock sends out an electromagnet field of energy. The winding's in the transponder chip absorb that energy and power the electronic chip to emit a signal. The signal is usually an alphanumeric sequence which is considered the identification code. The induction coil reads the signal and sends it to some type of computer device to recognize the signal. If the signal is recognized as being already in the computer’s memory the signal is accepted and other electronic components in the vehicle are set into motion to allow the starting of the vehicle or the continuation of the engine running.
Immobilizer systems based on Transponders may not be as safe as they are considered to be. Some immobilizer systems tend to remember the last key code for so long that they may even accept a non-transponder key even after a few minutes of taking out the original key from the ignition.
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